Recently, arrests were made in Northern Ireland after two young men in Coleraine posted images of themselves on Facebook burning a red poppy. It is now, apparently, a criminal matter to desecrate the symbols of the state - although the official charge is 'incitement to hatred'. The incident provides a small example of how the state is more and more clamping down on social media expressions of political criticism. This should in turn give pause for thought to those cyber-optimists and techno-determinists who still regard social media as inherently progressive, a site for democratic, uncensored self-expression. If only it were so. From its very beginnings, Facebook has been used by the police and secret services as a surveillance tool (an aspect of Facebook understandably left out of the film The Social Network) and police are warning members of the public to 'be careful' about what they post on the site. Get ready for much more of this in future.
But what is it that makes the poppy such a contentious symbol? Like all symbols, the red poppy acquires its meaning from the social contexts in which it circulates. In Britain, the poppy is worn in the period around Remembrance Day. While the wearing of the red poppy has always involved a cynical manipulation of working-class concsciousness (as discussed below), it could also be argued that it embodied the trauma and mourning of a society recovering from the shock of the mechanised mass slaughter of World War I. Today, however, it functions more like a symbol of active forgetting.
The poppy's most prominent wearers today are the senior members of the ruling class, including the queen as well as top military and political figures - the very same people who organise and justify Britain's imperialist wars. It is therefore necessarily a nationalist and militarist symbol. Usually this is made quite explicit by its defenders, who proclaim that they wear the poppy in remembrance of those who 'sacrificed' themselves for 'their nation' or to secure 'freedom' during the world wars of the twentieth century.
Such arguments would be a tough sell in Dresden or Hiroshima. Indeed, the world wars did not bring about 'freedom' in any general sense. They involved massive and pointless loss of human life, as workers killed one another on behalf of their national ruling classes. Few if any of these workers had wanted to go off to kill other workers. Indeed, many of them were conscripts and many were militant unemployed workers who had been blacklisted by employers and hence forced to join the army. After the First World War, the poppy was introduced to bind workers and their families to the nation state in order to ensure a ready supply a cannon fodder in the future. And so it is to this day. The ongoing cynical manipulation of the poppy's symbolism is nicely illustrated in Ken Loach's recent Route Irish, a film about a cover-up during the Iraq war, in which the only character to sport a red poppy is the oleaginous and corrupt ex army officer Andrew Haynes.
That the industrialised mass murder of the two world wars had nothing whatsoever to do 'protecting freedom' was quite apparent to many of those who actually fought in them. Britain's last surviving First World War veteran Harry Patch, for example, was very clear that the war was 'organised murder' that 'was not worth it'. Moreover, the allied victory over the fascists in the Second World War did not inaugurate an age of peace, as is often claimed by many in the pro-poppy lobby, but one of continuous slaughter, from Korea and Vietnam to Iraq and Afghanistan. Indeed, the global devastation wrought by the US and its allies since the Second World War has matched anything the Nazis could have brought about.
There are those who argue, whether fondly or cynically, that the poppy, for them, is a non-political symbol and that wearing it simply promotes awareness of all those who have died in wars. But this is at best disingenuous: after all, people do not wear poppies to commemorate dead Vietnamese or Iraqis. Far from being a non-political symbol, the poppy - perhaps to an even greater extent than the Union Jack - is a potent emblem of state power and its most vociferous proponents are the political and military elites which continue to send young people to their deaths in order to secure capitalist interests.
Poppy madness is growing. At the time of writing, the British Prime Minister and a royal prince are clamouring for the poppy to be worn by the England football team. Every news report referring to Remembrance Day refers to the 'sacrifice' of 'the fallen' (a phrase that excludes those brave men imprisoned, attacked or executed for refusing to participate in the wars) and draws parallels between the allegedly 'just wars' of the twentieth century and Britain's current overseas operations ('And now, over to Camp Bastion...'). It was not always thus; when I was a child in the 1970s, the red poppy was no big deal. Today, it is at the heart of an orgy of nationalist and imperialist sentiment.
But what is it that makes the poppy such a contentious symbol? Like all symbols, the red poppy acquires its meaning from the social contexts in which it circulates. In Britain, the poppy is worn in the period around Remembrance Day. While the wearing of the red poppy has always involved a cynical manipulation of working-class concsciousness (as discussed below), it could also be argued that it embodied the trauma and mourning of a society recovering from the shock of the mechanised mass slaughter of World War I. Today, however, it functions more like a symbol of active forgetting.
The poppy's most prominent wearers today are the senior members of the ruling class, including the queen as well as top military and political figures - the very same people who organise and justify Britain's imperialist wars. It is therefore necessarily a nationalist and militarist symbol. Usually this is made quite explicit by its defenders, who proclaim that they wear the poppy in remembrance of those who 'sacrificed' themselves for 'their nation' or to secure 'freedom' during the world wars of the twentieth century.
Such arguments would be a tough sell in Dresden or Hiroshima. Indeed, the world wars did not bring about 'freedom' in any general sense. They involved massive and pointless loss of human life, as workers killed one another on behalf of their national ruling classes. Few if any of these workers had wanted to go off to kill other workers. Indeed, many of them were conscripts and many were militant unemployed workers who had been blacklisted by employers and hence forced to join the army. After the First World War, the poppy was introduced to bind workers and their families to the nation state in order to ensure a ready supply a cannon fodder in the future. And so it is to this day. The ongoing cynical manipulation of the poppy's symbolism is nicely illustrated in Ken Loach's recent Route Irish, a film about a cover-up during the Iraq war, in which the only character to sport a red poppy is the oleaginous and corrupt ex army officer Andrew Haynes.
That the industrialised mass murder of the two world wars had nothing whatsoever to do 'protecting freedom' was quite apparent to many of those who actually fought in them. Britain's last surviving First World War veteran Harry Patch, for example, was very clear that the war was 'organised murder' that 'was not worth it'. Moreover, the allied victory over the fascists in the Second World War did not inaugurate an age of peace, as is often claimed by many in the pro-poppy lobby, but one of continuous slaughter, from Korea and Vietnam to Iraq and Afghanistan. Indeed, the global devastation wrought by the US and its allies since the Second World War has matched anything the Nazis could have brought about.
There are those who argue, whether fondly or cynically, that the poppy, for them, is a non-political symbol and that wearing it simply promotes awareness of all those who have died in wars. But this is at best disingenuous: after all, people do not wear poppies to commemorate dead Vietnamese or Iraqis. Far from being a non-political symbol, the poppy - perhaps to an even greater extent than the Union Jack - is a potent emblem of state power and its most vociferous proponents are the political and military elites which continue to send young people to their deaths in order to secure capitalist interests.
Poppy madness is growing. At the time of writing, the British Prime Minister and a royal prince are clamouring for the poppy to be worn by the England football team. Every news report referring to Remembrance Day refers to the 'sacrifice' of 'the fallen' (a phrase that excludes those brave men imprisoned, attacked or executed for refusing to participate in the wars) and draws parallels between the allegedly 'just wars' of the twentieth century and Britain's current overseas operations ('And now, over to Camp Bastion...'). It was not always thus; when I was a child in the 1970s, the red poppy was no big deal. Today, it is at the heart of an orgy of nationalist and imperialist sentiment.
The Coleraine case is not the first instance of poppy-burning that has been dealt with by the police. In 2010, members of the group Muslims Against Crusades, which the Daily Star called 'poppy-burning scum', were fined for burning poppies during a protest. Such repression is to be expected: as the working class struggles to find its voice internationally, the ruling class will increasingly seek to rally us around its patriotic paraphernalia in the name of freedom. But the poppy, like the flag, is a symbol of slavery, not liberation. We will only be free when we reject our be-poppied masters and begin to organise society according to our own interests - a society without wage slavery or war. In the meantime, we should express solidarity with all those who are being prosecuted for defacing the cherished symbols of the nation state.
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